I. TRIBAL MOVEMENTS THE REASONS- - British land revenue policy, particularly Permanent Settlement in 1793 A.D. was the single most important factor for the tribal movements. - Lord Hardinge I, the Governor General introduced Forest Lawaa in 1840 A.D. prohibiting Podu Cultivation (Shifting Cultivation), imposed taxes on forest products and barred the custom of human sacrifice practiced by...

BEGINNING OF EUROPEAN COMMERCE The Portuguese : - The Cape route or a new sea-route to India was discovered by Vasco da gama who reached the port of Calicut in 1498. - His second trip in 1502 led to the establishment of trading stations at Claicut, Cochin & Cannore, with support form Pedro A Cabral. - The First governor of Poruguese in India was Francisco Almeida (1505 - 1509) - Alf...

Balaji Vishwanath (1713 - 1720): Helped Shahu in consolidating his position & was thus given the title of 'Sena Karte' in 1708. - As the Peshwa, he made the post most powerful & hereditary. - 1719 - concluded an agreement with Sayyid Hussain Ali called the Treaty of Delhi by which Farukh Shiyar recognized the 'Swrarajya' its king. Baji Rao (1720 - 1740): - Greatest exponent of Gueri...

ADMINISTRATION - Based on the pattern adopted by Malik Amber in Ahmadnagar & Mahmud Gawan in Bahmanj kingdom. - Maratha kingdom was called 'Swarajya' or 'Mulk-e-Kadim- Provinces were called 'Mahal' or 'Subah'. - The Marathas collected Chauth or 1/4th of the land revenue. - The 'Sardeshmukhi' or 1/10th of the standard land revenue was imposed on the entire population of a village or to...

Shahu (1707 - 1749): - After Tarabai was defeted at the Battle of Khed (1707), Shahu occupied the throne at Satara & hence began a long drawn civil till 1714. - Rajaram's descendants & his second wife, Rajabai imprisoned Tarabi & her son Sambhaji II started to rule from Kolhapur. - This was sanctioned by the Treaty of Warna in 1731 & Kolhapur began to be called the Southern Maratha confed...