Mughal Administration

- Emperor was the supreme commander of the armed forces.

- The Mansabdari System, introduced in 1570, was a means to organise the nobility & the army.

- The Mansabdars were classified into 66 grades, but in practice only 33 grades were constituted.

- Mansabdar meant 'holder of a rank'. There were two ranks-

(1) Zat fixed the status & staanding in the administration hierarchy.
(2) 'Sawar' fixed the number of troopers held by the mansabdar.

- Classification of Ranks-
'Zat' rank beleow 500-Mansabadar
between 500 & 2500 - Amir
more than 2500 - Amir-ir-Umda.

- For every Sawar a mansabdar had to maintain two horses. There were 6 catergories of horse & 5 categories of musles.

- Jahangir introduced the Duaspa Sih Aspa system. He reduced the avarage salary of a Sawar.

- Shahjahan introduced the monthly scale & assigned Jagir's were registered & incame assessed.

- Aurangzeb reign witnessed the most number of Mansabdars.

ADMINISTRATION TERMS

- Wakil - Prime Minister - power stripped by Akbar & replaced by a 'Diwan'-the principal revenue advisor.

- Mir Bakshi - Head of Military & Intelligence dept.

- Khan-i-Saman - Head of Imperial Household & the 'Karkhanas'

- Chief Qazi - Head of Judiciary dept.

- Sadr-us-Sudur - Religious endowments & Charities dept in-charge.

Also the Chief Justice.

- Muhtasib - Censor of public morals.

- Mir Atish or Daroga-i-Topkhana - Head of Artillery.

- Daroga-i-Dak Chowki - Head of Correspondence dept.

- Mir Maal - Lord Priry Seal

- Mustaufi - Auditor - General.

- Nasir-i-Bayutat - Superintendent of imperial Workshop.

- Mushriff - Revenue Secretary

- Mir-i-Arz - Inchar of Petitions

- Mir manzil - Quarter master General

- Mir Tozak - Master of Ceremonies.

- Kotwal - Looked after public order & Quranic rules of Morality (Chief of the city Police)

Empire
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Provinces - 'Subahs'
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Districts - 'Sarkars'
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Groups of Villages - 'Paraganas'
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Unit for administrative convenience - 'faujdaris'.
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Military Outposts - 'Thanas'

- Faujdar - mainfained law & order in Sarkars.

- Muftis - Expounded Muslims law.

- Mir Adj - Drew up & pronounced judgements

- Amalguzar - Head of Revenue administration in Paraganas

- Bitakchi - Writer or record keeper.

- Khazandar - Trasurer

- Amil - Judicial Officer in civil & revenue disputes

- Shikdar - Incharge of law & order in Paragans.

- Harkarah - Spy & Courier.