ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES

1. CIVIL SERVICES -

The Word 'Civil Servant' for the first time appeared in the records from 1757 The office of the District Collector was created for the first time in 1771 by Lord Warren Hastings. However, it was Lord Cornwallis, regarded as the 'Founder Father of Modern Indian Civil Services'. He created the Police Service, Judicial and Revenue Services formulated the code of Conduct for the civil servants and laid down the procedure for their promotions. In 1800, Lord Wellesley founded the fort William College to train the civil Servants. However form 1805, the Fort William College was replaced by Hailey bury College, London to train the civil servants.

The 1813 Charter Act defined the office of civil servant as the Civil Service with an annual salary of 500 pounds.
Lord William Bentinck restored, and revived magisterial powers for the District Collector (Lord Cornwallis divested the magisterial powers of collector).
In 1868, Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian ICS officer. the 1886, Aitchison Committee, appointed by Lord Dufferin recommended for increase in upper age limit form 19 to 22 (Lord Lytton reduced the upper age limit form 21 to 19 & introduced Statutory Civil Services) Lord Mayo introduced Scholarship Scheme in 1668, to enable meritorious Indians to go for Civil Service. The Montague Chelmsford Reforms provided for a recruitment for 1/3 of the posts in India only, In 1922. the Civil Service exams were held both in England and Indian together. In 1924, Lord Lee Committee was appointed to study the civil Services in India. It recommended for bifurcation of services into Imperil, Provincial and Subordinage. It also recommended for a Federal Service Commission and Provincial Service Commission.

2. JUDICIAL SERVICES / REFORMS :-

Lord Warren Hastings was the first to form local courts called Munsif Courts, presided over presided over by the Indians.
At the district level, he created Diwani Courts for civil cases and Nizamat Courts, for criminal cases to be presided over by Civil Servants called Judges. The higher courts of appeal called Sadr Diwani Adalat for civil cases and Sadr Nizamat Adalat for Criminal cases were also founded by Warren Hastings.
Lord Cornwallis introduced Code de Cornwallis, a judicial procedure code. He founded 4 Circuit Courts at Patna, Dacca, Murshidabad and Calcutta.
Under Charter Act, 1833; J.B. Macaulay became the First Law member. It was Macaulay that codified the Hindu Law and Islami Law.
In 1859, Indian Civil Procedure Code, 1860 Indian Civil Code and in 1861, Indian Criminal Procedure code were introduced. In 1865, at the instance of Sir John Lawrence, the Madras, Bombay and Calcutta High Courts were founded.

3. EDUCATION POLICY

Lord Warren Hastings founded Calcutta Madrasa to impart Persian language for the civil servants. Janathan Duncan founder the Sanskrit College at Varanasi.
Sir William Jones founded the Royal Asiatic Society in 1784 in Calcutta to promote studies on Indian languages and Culture. He translated Manusmriti and Abhignana Shakuntalam into English.
Wycline was the first to translate Bhagawad Gita into English.
The 1813 Charter Act provided Rs 1 lakh for education in British India. The Anglicist and Orientalist Controversy was related to the spending of 1 lakh whether for English education for native education and in the medium of English or mother tongue. The controversy ended once for all with 'Macaulay Minute' passed on March 7, 1831. Macaulay as the Chairman of the Committee on Public Instruction made English the official medium of instruction. He also introduced 'Downward Infiltration Theory' Which means imparting English education to a selected few of Indians who in turn would spread in to others.
In 1840, Lord Hardinge I made English compulsory for the competitive exams.
In 1854, Charles Wood, the President of the Board of control drafted his education policy called 'Woods' Despatch, popular as the 'Magna Carta of the English Education' and also 'Intellectual Charter of India' It provided for woman education, primary education and vocational courses. it rejected the 'Downward Infiltration Theory' of Macaulay, providing education for all.
In 1857, 3 Universities were founded at a time in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
In 1882, Lord Ripon appointed W.W. Hunter Committee called 1st Indian Education Commission to promote primary education.
In 1902, Lord Curzon appointed Thomas Raleigh (Reiley) Committee to study the university education. The Committee recommended for bringing universities under the control of govt. with 1904 Calcutta University Act.
In 1917, Saddler Committee was appointed to study higher education. It made Degree Course - 3 years.
In 1928, Harligh Committee was appointed by the Simon Commission to study education in India. It recommended for separate Boards for primary, secondary and intermediate education.
The Wardha Scheme of Education, also called Naithalin means a series of ideas expressed by Gandhi in his journal 'Harijan' on Indian Education.